The alliance between Canadian imperialism and Ukrainian fascism is most strikingly embodied in the person of Canada’s Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland. The granddaughter of a prominent Ukrainian Nazi collaborator who was provided refuge in Canada following the Third Reich’s downfall, she is the leading anti-Russia war-hawk in the Trudeau Liberal government.
Around the world, in developing and so-called advanced countries alike, millions are facing food insecurity and hunger amid soaring prices and shortages of food.
For revolutionary internationalists, the determining question is not “who fired the first shot,” but rather what is the general character of a given war and the social forces behind it.
The same day that Finland and Sweden formally submitted their NATO membership applications, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs declared it was ending the country's participation in the Council of the Baltic Sea States.
The Apparel Workers’ Action Committee warns that this repressive move could be extended to other centres of the working class in both the private and public sectors.
Today, on May 18, millions of people are commemorating the bloody massacre of Tamil fighters and civilians at Mullivaikal that ended Sri Lanka’s 26-year communal war.
In the course of his remarks, Biden managed to omit the words “Trump” and “Republican,” or name a single Republican official, media outlet or commentator who has promoted the racist and anti-Semitic themes of the “Great Replacement.”
The median pay package for the CEOs of the biggest US corporations set another record in 2021 of $14.7 million and included an increase of $1 million in cash compensation.
Britain’s Home Secretary Priti Patel can make the announcement any time from tomorrow, May 18 until May 31. Assange was put in this perilous situation by a series of rulings delivered by the British judiciary over the last year.
In an article marking the grim milestone, Global News acknowledged that the “true death toll could be thousands higher,” since “two-thirds of all COVID-19 deaths may have been missed.” If this is the case, Canada’s real death toll amounts to a staggering 120,000 people.
The actual death toll resulting from the German government’s coronavirus policies is much higher than its official statistics show. This is proven by the latest study by the World Health Organisation on excess mortality in the first two years of the pandemic.
These endless delays, which help only management not workers, must be brought to an end. Detroit Diesel workers should demand that UAW Local 163 immediately set a strike deadline for no later than May 24.
The UAW is reportedly floating the possibility of suspending the strike and ordering a return to work without a contract, which would signify an abject surrender to the company’s intransigent demands for concessions.
There is a clear overlap between the anti-Semitic manifesto of the Buffalo gunman and the embrace of the “replacement theory” by large sections of the Republican Party and its allied media.
Michelle Heughins is facing an involuntary manslaughter charge in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for the brutal killing of John Neville by prison guards at the Forsyth County Jail, when she was the only one who tried to save his life.
Thousands turned up to greet her coffin and help carry it through the West Bank cities of Jenin, Nablus and Ramallah, making this the biggest Palestinian funeral in decades, exceeding that of Yasser Arafat in Ramallah in 2004.
Ocasio-Cortez and Sanders have risen to national prominence by promoting themselves as representatives of the “anti-war” and “left-wing” sentiments of masses of people, but their pro-war actions speak louder than words.
In his introduction to the International May Day Online Rally, WSWS International Editorial Board Chairman David North reviews the historical origins of the US-NATO war drive against Russia and outlines the political strategy of the working class to oppose the danger of World War III.
The discussion, which lasted over an hour, covered many topics, including the threat of war, the disastrous consequences the official “let it rip” pandemic policies and the burning need to build a socialist movement of the working class.
The Greens have dispensed with any pretense of opposition to the major parties. In practice, they have abandoned most of their policies on climate change, the party’s stated raison d’etre.
While the Labor party and Coalition whip up xenophobic sentiment, only the SEP fights in this election to end the persecution of refugees.
Sunday’s party election campaign events underscored the deepening crisis of the increasingly detested two-party system of rule.
This is the report delivered by Joseph Kishore to the 2022 International May Day Online Rally held on May 1. Kishore is the national secretary of the Socialist Equality Party in the United States.
This is the report delivered by Tom Peters to the 2022 International May Day Online Rally held on May 1. Peters is a leading member of the Socialist Equality Group in New Zealand, which is fighting to build a section of the ICFI.
This is the report delivered by Gregor Link to the 2022 International May Day Online Rally held on May 1. Link is a leading member in Germany of the International Youth and Students for Social Equality, the youth movement of the International Committee of the Fourth International and its affiliated Socialist Equality Parties.
This is the report delivered by Cheryl Crisp to the 2022 International May Day Online Rally held on May 1. Crisp is the national secretary of the Socialist Equality Party in Australia.
In this webinar, an international panel of leading members of the ICFI and WSWS writers reviewed the causes and consequences of the US-NATO war drive against Russia and present the political basis for a fight against war.
For revolutionary internationalists, the determining question is not “who fired the first shot,” but rather what is the general character of a given war and the social forces behind it.
As Finland and Sweden prepare to join the NATO alliance against Russia, the NATO countries and Japan are planning a vast global intensification of imperialist militarism.
In 2014, the UK hosted a summit of NATO in Wales founding the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF), consisting of seven NATO allies which would assemble military forces among the northern and high regions of Europe. Sweden and Finland joined in 2017.
Having baited Russia into its reactionary invasion, the Biden administration seeks to make working people pay for the staggering cost of the war.
This interactive timeline presents some of the most important events that have brought humanity to the brink of World War III. It includes links to critical articles and statements produced by the International Committee of the Fourth International over the past 30 years.
At Arriva Yorkshire, the starting hourly rate for bus drivers in the first year is £9.79 (just 29 pence more than the minimum wage). Drivers then graduate to £10.91 for two years, before reaching the top rate of £12.15.
Los Angeles County workers are being asked to approve a contract that would further erode their living standards.
Las Vegas sanitation workers must take the fight out of Teamsters hands by forming a Rank-and-File Committee to reach out to other workers in struggle—sanitation, truckers, teachers and health care workers.
The BEU has kept workers on the job for nearly three years without a contract. Like many teachers, including those in the Boston Public Schools system who have been working without a contract for eight months, Brookline educators are demanding “reasonable compensation as well as working conditions that meet the realities of a modern, comprehensive education.”
The central and overwhelming responsibility for the present state of unpreparedness lies with the government, media and corporate elite, who are engineering the “return to normal” for their own selfish economic and political reasons.
The number of rare but serious acute liver failure among children is rising globally, and so far 12 children have died during the ongoing outbreak.
US President Joe Biden finally acknowledged Thursday that over 1 million Americans have now died from COVID-19, issuing a perfunctory written statement and a pre-recorded video characterized by indifference to the lives of those lost and their loved ones still mourning.
The appearance of the former White House Coronavirus Task Force leader and current chief medical adviser to the president signifies his acceptance of the normalization of the Biden administration’s distortion of science.
The exorbitant price for a trivial, empty work underscores the domination of the art world by a financial aristocracy that brushes aesthetic questions aside.
A painter from the working class, a First Nations victim in Canada, a family struggling with opioids, the ruling elite prepares for upheaval.
Bowing to the poisonous campaign against everyone and everything Russian, the 2022 Dutch Harp Festival “postponed” the appearance of virtuoso harpist Alexander Boldachev.
Panorama described what befell the sub-postmasters as the “most widespread miscarriage of justice in British legal history”.
Even as Washington presses its war drive, divisions exist within the ASEAN member countries over US aggression towards China and Russia.
While the focus has been on North Korea, Seoul is preparing for US-led wars with Russia and China.
Coroner Brigitte Windley has said she will not investigate whether there were “missed opportunities” for police and intelligence agencies to prevent the 2019 attack by fascist gunman Brenton Tarrant, which killed 51 people.
The outcome of the 2022 election in the Philippines represents a victory for the most reactionary forces in the country’s politics.
Helsinki and Stockholm’s formal applications to join the aggressive Western military alliance were prepared in close consultation with the major imperialist powers.
Amid the US-led war against Russia in Ukraine, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has indicated his opposition to moves by Finland and Sweden to join NATO.
As police attempted to arrest a delivery driver for “immigration offences” a group of local people moved in to stop them taking him away.
The working class stayed at home because workers did not see themselves represented by any of the establishment parties; for their part, the affluent urban middle classes turned to the Greens, the most belligerent of all parties.
A shortage of baby formula has been exacerbated by the closing of a major plant in Michigan after it was exposed to have severe health violations.
The Texas government’s assault on the democratic rights of transgender people follows similar attacks on democratic rights in Texas and throughout the country by the Republicans.
A wildfire in Orange County gained nationwide coverage last week as dozens of multi-million dollar mansions in the city of Laguna Niguel were burned to the ground by a fast-moving blaze.
Tabak crafts a commendable and thorough charting of the reckless Foxconn debacle in Racine, Wisconsin but political conclusions must be drawn.
This column profiles important historical events which took place during this week, 25 years ago, 50 years ago, 75 years ago and 100 years ago
This column profiles important historical events which took place during this week, 25 years ago, 50 years ago, 75 years ago and 100 years ago.
The Soviet engineer wrote his memoirs in the 1970s of experiencing the October Revolution, the Civil War and the Great Terror.
This column profiles important historical events which took place during this week, 25 years ago, 50 years ago, 75 years ago and 100 years ago
Wickremesinghe offered no relief for workers or the poor, millions of whom are struggling to put food on the table. Instead, he emphasised the depth of the economic crisis to justify the harsh measures that he intends to take.
The IMF program will translate into deep cuts to state sector jobs, wages and pensions, further increased prices of essentials, the slashing of public services including education and health care.
The president and his new government must go! The way forward for the working class is through building action committees, mobilising its industrial and political strength, and fighting for socialist policies.
The extensive deployment of the state’s repressive machine shows that Rajapakse is systematically preparing to take on the working class now moving into struggle to defend its rights.
Neither the Sri Lankan government nor the opposition parties have any solution to the hunger and want facing working people. The SEP is advancing a program of action for the working class which alone can resolve the immense social and economic crisis.
Mélenchon's return to talks with a discredited, reactionary party shows that he aims not to mobilize his 7.7 million voters, but to push them to the right.
Jean Luc-Mélenchon is not trying to mobilise the workers, but to bring together discredited bourgeois or petty-bourgeois political parties.
On Saturday, the day before polling in the French presidential elections, WSWS journalists interviewed workers and young people in the working-class north Parisian suburb of Saint-Denis about the vote between Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen.
In the city of Amiens, WSWS journalists interviewed Clémence, a student and job seeker, on the French presidential elections.
The cryptocurrency market was thrown into turmoil last week as the market value of bitcoin, the most widely used cryptocurrency continued to fall, and a so-called “stablecoins” are collapsing.
The eruption of the wages issue in the Australian election campaign is part of an international process as central banks, the representatives of finance capital, demand that wage increases be forcibly suppressed through the lifting of interest rates, inducing a recession if that proves necessary.
The Federal Reserve raised its benchmark interest rate by half a percentage point as part of the fight against what Chairman Jerome Powell called “wage inflation.”
Yesterday, the tech-heavy NASDAQ index dropped by 4.2 percent, bringing its loss for April to 13 percent, making it the worst month since the global financial crisis of 2008.
Thousands of protesters in over 300 cities marched in opposition to the pending overturning of the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision.
The Senate consideration of the Women’s Health Protection Act was entirely for show, with its failure known in advance to all participants.
Despite rhetorical denunciations of the attacks on women’s rights at weekend protests, Senate Democrats are doing nothing outside of bringing up an abortion bill they know will fail.
On April 24, Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders spoke at Unity Fest, an event organized to celebrate the successful unionization vote at five Starbucks locations in Richmond, Virginia under Starbucks United, a section of the Workers United union.
The imagery of the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy is a brilliant demonstration of the possibilities engendered by human labor coordinated on an international and scientific basis.
The latest black hole image from the Event Horizon Telescope is further evidence that globally organized observational astronomy involving vast quantities of data and their coordination is becoming increasingly routine.
A new modeling study of climate change finds that the resulting forced migrations of animals will significantly increase the transfer of pathogens to humans.
“As part of the anti-Russian campaign that followed Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24, Russian research institutes and Russian scientists are being ostracized from the international scientific community.”
Abu Akleh, a widely respected journalist who was also a US citizen, was one of Al Jazeera’s first on the spot reporters, having worked for the network since 1997.
The Al Aqsa Mosque compound, holy to Jews and Muslims, has been occupied illegally along with the West Bank, Gaza and Syria’s Golan Heights since the 1967 Arab Israeli war. Israel has broken longstanding agreements that allow Jewish visits but bar Jewish worship at the site, as extremists groups demand access to pray there.
According to the Palestinian Red Crescent, 153 Palestinians were hospitalised, while “dozens of other injuries” were treated at the scene. Nearly 400 people were arrested.
According to the UN’s World Food Programme, which has previously warned that the war in Ukraine could drive millions in the Middle East into food poverty and lead to global food insecurity, the cost of the basic food basket in Lebanon, the minimum a family needs per month, soared by 351 percent in the past year.
A spokesman for US Customs and Border Protection said 36 of those rescued are Haitian nationals, while the remaining two were from the Dominican Republic.
Chile’s president, ex-student radical Gabriel Boric, ordered Carabineros Special Forces to break up the picket line at a major oil refinery.
Bolsonaro’s fascistic claims that the upcoming elections will be rigged are now joined with the demand that the armed forces conduct a parallel ballot count.
Security forces and the police stood by as criminals shot at the demonstrators.
The Inquest is necessary to break through the cover-up, lies and misinformation that have been used to justify policies responsible for the avoidable deaths of millions.
“I was denied a medically justified request for accommodation. Then, when incapacitated by the very malaise I had asked to be spared exposure to, I was left too sick to work and without medical benefits,” the worker said.
The following testimony to the Global Workers Inquest into the COVID-19 Pandemic has been submitted by a Senior Health Care Assistant in a busy hospital in the north of England. The nurse normally works on a gerontology ward caring for the old and infirm and those suffering from dementia.
Jessica Bleasdale spoke to the WSWS about her experiences advocating for her son and others who are vulnerable, as well as her thoughts on the New Brunswick government’s decision to drop all protective measures.
The studies led by Ferrante showed that the reopening of schools in Manaus in late 2020 led to the emergence of the Gamma variant, responsible for two-thirds of the COVID-19 deaths in Brazil.
Any conception that a Labor government would defend Assange is refuted by over a decade of experience and the statements of Labor leaders themselves.
According to the Extradition Act (2003) which governs the process, Assange now has four weeks (to May 18) to make representations to Patel before her decision is announced.
A particularly pernicious role is played by Greens MPs who have criticised Assange’s persecution, but are working with Labor to ensure it is buried in the forthcoming election.
By holding their wedding, Moris said, they were fighting back against the British state’s efforts to keep Assange “invisible to the public at all costs”.
In early 2020, Professor Baberowski physically assaulted an IYSSE member of the student parliament at Berlin’s Humboldt University and destroyed large amounts of student election campaign material.
Any suggestion that the upcoming federal election will resolve anything on climate change, or any other substantive issue facing youth and workers, is a lie.
A mood of growing frustration is building among university faculty and grad student workers throughout the University of Illinois system, centered on the surging cost of living and eroding incomes.
Michigan schools have the nation’s second-worst student-to-counselor ratio, 691 to 1, under conditions of a deepening mental health emergency nationally.
David North, the chairman of the International Editorial Board of the World Socialist Web Site, spoke with Turkey’s KİTABA DAİR on his book, The Russian Revolution and the Unfinished 20th Century, and the rapidly intensifying conflict between Russia and NATO over Ukraine.
“This censorship is not only directed against us, but against the mass opposition to a world war,” says Vandreier. The socialist anti-war perspective of the SGP “is to be banned and censored in the midst of deafening war propaganda for a third world war.”
Workers including bus drivers, healthcare staff and teachers active in rank-and-file committees in the UK were invited by the SEP to discuss a fight against war based on the working class and socialism.
The speakers emphasized that the opposition of the working class to the war is needed to be developed as a conscious political movement for socialism.
“The destruction created by the COVID-19 pandemic and the drive towards a third world war clearly shows that capitalism neither wants nor is able to resolve the basic questions faced by mankind”
On Saturday, Facebook deleted a video posted by the Socialist Equality Party of Germany opposing the German government’s participation in the US-led NATO proxy war against Russia in Ukraine.
YouTube deleted the archive of Chris Hedges’ On Contact television program from its platform with no explanation.
The Senate testimony by former Facebook employee Frances Haugen has intensified the bipartisan drive to clamp down on left-wing and socialist political content on social media platforms.
In a provocative act of censorship and imperialist gangsterism, the Biden administration took control of three dozen internet domains and shut down websites affiliated with Iran-based media organizations on unsubstantiated grounds of “disinformation campaigns and malign influence operations.”
The WSWS is publishing the report delivered by David North 25 years ago, on February 1, 1997, motivating the proposal to end publication of the SEP’s printed newspaper and replace it with an international website; as well as North’s reply to the National Committee ‘s discussion of the proposal.
The Times, which wishes readers to take the 1619 Project seriously as a “reframing of American history,” has said more than it intended.
The World Socialist Web Site recently spoke with Mark Kruger about his new book, the 1619 Project, and the current state of American politics.
Professor Jack Rakove is a leading scholar of the American Revolution and the framing of the Constitution.
Having previously disregarded historiography, Silverstein now falsifies it—and admits to privileging “narrative” over “actual fact.”
The definitive left-wing critique of the 1619 Project. This volume includes interviews with eminent historians and essays from the World Socialist Web Site exposing the New York Times’ racialist falsification of history.
Berlin, which is playing an increasingly aggressive role in NATO’s proxy war against Russia, is also pushing ahead with German imperialism’s offensive in Africa.
COSATU is warning its ANC partners that they have massively underestimated the anger building in the working class.
This year has seen numerous demonstrations protesting social and economic conditions, with the total number of demonstrations in the eight months since Saïed’s July coup topping those that proceeded it.
According to the World Food Programme, 44 million people worldwide are on the brink of famine and another 232 million are only one step behind.
The attack on Harvard anthropology professor John Comaroff has taken to a new level the campaign to purge American colleges and universities on the basis of anti-democratic identity politics.
John Comaroff, professor of African and African American studies and of anthropology at Harvard University, has become the target of what has all the earmarks of another filthy #MeToo witch-hunt.
Professors and students continue to speak out against the anti-democratic victimization of University of Michigan professor and composer Bright Sheng.
The judges effectively cleared the way for universities to dismiss staff for criticising management or breaching confidentiality rules.
Review the most critical essays, lectures and letters produced by the ICFI in the course of its intervention in response to the crisis of Stalinism and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Although a third world war would mean the end of humanity, the German government is busily making the economic and geopolitical preparations for it, in addition to the military ones. In recent weeks, it has set a course to reorganise trade and economic relations for a war against Russia and China.
.The White House announced on Thursday that it will be sending an additional $800 million in military aid to Ukraine for its proxy war with Russia which is now focused in the East of the country.
NATO wants the military defeat and economic ruin of Russia. It has no interest in ending the war through a ceasefire.
Russia has submitted a formal note protesting the US transfer of billions of dollars in military hardware to Ukraine, and raising the prospect of Russian retaliation against US/NATO arms shipments.
On 18 March, the Berlin Administrative Court rejected an emergency application by junge Welt that it no longer be described as “left-wing extremist” in the secret service annual report.
The German court judgement and its written grounds represent a fundamental attack on democratic rights. The aim is to ban socialist ideas and any criticism of capitalism.
The Educators Rank-and-File Safety Committee (UK) passed a resolution Monday condemning the ruling of the Berlin Administrative Court, which on November 18, 2021, upheld the designation of the German security service of the German section of the ICFI as “left wing extremists”.
The court’s ruling against the Socialist Equality Party stands in the tradition of National Socialist ideological jurisprudence and Bismarck’s anti-socialist laws, and opens the door for the surveillance and suppression of all opposition to capitalism and arbitrary state power.
August 31, 2021 marks 100 years since the birth of Jean Brust, a leading figure in the Trotskyist movement. Comrade Jean, who died November 24, 1997 at the age of 76, joined the Trotskyist-led Young Peoples Socialist League as a teenager in 1937.
Three just-released studies provide substantive evidence for the natural origin of SARS-CoV-2, with the Huanan market in Wuhan, China the location of the first zoonotic (animal to human) transfer.
As scientific studies continue to undermine the conspiracy theory that SARS-CoV-2 is a genetically engineered virus, journalist Glenn Greenwald has accused the New York Times and Washington Post of being insufficiently faithful to the lab leak “theory.”
In the most systematic defense of the Wuhan lab libel to date, Matt Ridley proves only the falsehood of his bad-faith attack on science.
The commission advocated by the Washington Post will be aimed at shielding the government and corporate officials responsible for the deaths of more than one million Americans, while scapegoating China for the pandemic.
The horrific massacre of civilians was immediately exploited by the imperialist powers, led by the United States government itself, to justify far-reaching attacks on the democratic rights of their own populations, and the launching of decades-long wars in the Middle East and Africa.
Around the world, in developing and so-called advanced countries alike, millions are facing food insecurity and hunger amid soaring prices and shortages of food.
There is a clear overlap between the anti-Semitic manifesto of the Buffalo gunman and the embrace of the “replacement theory” by large sections of the Republican Party and its allied media.
It is necessary to state bluntly: The mass shooting on Sunday was a political crime. It was carried out by a racist and anti-Semite on the basis of a definite, fascist political ideology.
The imagery of the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy is a brilliant demonstration of the possibilities engendered by human labor coordinated on an international and scientific basis.
Cliff Slaughter died on May 3, 2021, in Leeds, England, at the age of 92. His enduring contribution in the 1960s to the defense of Trotskyism stands in tragic contrast with his subsequent political opportunism and repudiation of revolutionary Marxism.
In the course of his remarks, Biden managed to omit the words “Trump” and “Republican,” or name a single Republican official, media outlet or commentator who has promoted the racist and anti-Semitic themes of the “Great Replacement.”
It is necessary to state bluntly: The mass shooting on Sunday was a political crime. It was carried out by a racist and anti-Semite on the basis of a definite, fascist political ideology.
All five Republicans targeted by the Select Committee were intimately involved in Trump’s coup plot. Yet none of them, like Trump himself, has been charged more than 16 months after the failed attack.
After the initial attack failed, Rhodes over the phone lobbied a Trump intermediary and asked to speak directly with the then president to suggest that he order far-right militia groups to take Congress by force.
The WSWS has published a feature page incorporating a selection of essential essays from its own archives, and other documents produced contemporaneously by the Fourth International.
The Socialist Equality Party in the United States held a summer school from August 1 through August 6. It was devoted to an analysis of the major social and political events in the US and internationally since the previous SEP school, held in July of 2019.
This report to the 2021 SEP summer school was delivered by Dr. Benjamin Mateus, who has led the coverage on the WSWS of the scientific and medical issues posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The following lecture was delivered at the Socialist Equality Party (US) 2021 summer school by Eric London, a writer for the WSWS and author of Agents: The FBI and GPU Infiltration of the Trotskyist Movement.
This lecture was delivered at the Socialist Equality Party (US) 2021 summer school, held August 1 through August 6, by Marcus Day, a writer for the World Socialist Web Site .
North and London discussed the significance of the latest revelations of the the Security and the Fourth International investigation into Trotsky’s assassination.
Pike River: The Crime and Cover-up, published by Mehring Books, examines the causes of the 2010 New Zealand mine disaster, which killed 29 people, and the decade-long cover-up by successive governments and the judicial system, which have shielded the company leadership from prosecution.
Ben Joynson was 10-years-old when his father William died, with 28 other workers, in the 2010 Pike River coal mine disaster. He said the trauma suffered by the victims’ families has been made worse by the lack of accountability.
Gordon Dixon, whose brother Allan died in the 2010 Pike River mine disaster, told the WSWS that the Labour Party-led government’s decision to permanently seal the mine was part of an ongoing cover-up to protect those responsible.
The Labour Party-led government permanently sealed Pike River mine last year, preventing the recovery of the bodies of 29 men who perished in the 2010 underground disaster, and locking away vital evidence of what caused the explosions.
The meeting examined Luxemburg’s role as a Marxist theoretician and political leader, and discussed the significance of her legacy to the contemporary struggle to build a Marxist leadership.
Tabak crafts a commendable and thorough charting of the reckless Foxconn debacle in Racine, Wisconsin but political conclusions must be drawn.
In this new collection, the stated theme of illusion is not always probed deeply—nor is it the only theme.
Joan Didion, the essayist and novelist who critically described nearly 60 years of American social and cultural life, died on December 23.
The second book by an acclaimed and politically engaged young poet is notable for its international and historical perspective.
